Dihedral principal component analysis¶
-or
flag to
produce a new trr file containing the cosine and sine
of each dihedral angle in two coordinates, respectively. That is, in
the trr file you will have a series of numbers
corresponding to: cos(\(\phi_1\)), sin(\(\phi_1\)),
cos(\(\phi_2\)), sin(\(\phi_2\)), …,
cos(\(\phi_n\)), sin(\(\phi_n\)), and the array is padded
with zeros, if necessary. Then you can use this trr
file as input for the gmx covar program and perform
principal component analysis as usual. For this to work you will need
to generate a reference file (tpr,
gro, pdb etc.) containing the same
number of “atoms” as the new trr file, that is for
\(n\) dihedrals you need 2\(n\)/3 atoms (rounded up if not
an integer number). You should use the -nofit
option
for gmx covar since the coordinates in the dummy
reference file do not correspond in any way to the information in the
trr file. Analysis of the results is done using
gmx anaeig.Hydrogen bonds¶
\[\begin{split}\begin{array}{rclcl} r & \leq & r_{HB} & = & 0.35~\mbox{nm} \\ \alpha & \leq & \alpha_{HB} & = & 30^o \\ \end{array}\end{split}\]
The value of \(r_{HB} = 0.35 \mathrm{nm}\) corresponds to the first minimum of the RDF of SPC water (see also Fig. 58).
The program gmx hbond analyzes all hydrogen bonds existing between two groups of atoms (which must be either identical or non-overlapping) or in specified donor-hydrogen-acceptor triplets, in the following ways:
![../../_images/hbond-insert.png](../../_images/hbond-insert.png)
Fig. 58 Insertion of water into an H-bond. (1) Normal H-bond between two residues. (2) H-bonding bridge via a water molecule.
Donor-Acceptor distance (\(r\)) distribution of all H-bonds
Hydrogen-Donor-Acceptor angle (\(\alpha\)) distribution of all H-bonds
The total number of H-bonds in each time frame
The number of H-bonds in time between residues, divided into groups \(n\)-\(n\)+\(i\) where \(n\) and \(n\)+\(i\) stand for residue numbers and \(i\) goes from 0 to 6. The group for \(i=6\) also includes all H-bonds for \(i>6\). These groups include the \(n\)-\(n\)+\(3\), \(n\)-\(n\)+\(4\) and \(n\)-\(n\)+\(5\) H-bonds, which provide a measure for the formation of \(\alpha\)-helices or \(\beta\)-turns or strands.
The lifetime of the H-bonds is calculated from the average over all autocorrelation functions of the existence functions (either 0 or 1) of all H-bonds:
(1)¶\[C(\tau) ~=~ \langle s_i(t)~s_i (t + \tau) \rangle\]with \(s_i(t) = \{0,1\}\) for H-bond \(i\) at time \(t\). The integral of \(C(\tau)\) gives a rough estimate of the average H-bond lifetime \(\tau_{HB}\):
(2)¶\[\tau_{HB} ~=~ \int_{0}^{\infty} C(\tau) d\tau\]Both the integral and the complete autocorrelation function \(C(\tau)\) will be output, so that more sophisticated analysis (e.g. using multi-exponential fits) can be used to get better estimates for \(\tau_{HB}\). A more complete analysis is given in ref. 173; one of the more fancy option is the Luzar and Chandler analysis of hydrogen bond kinetics 174, 175.
An H-bond existence map can be generated of dimensions # H-bonds\(\times\)# frames. The ordering is identical to the index file (see below), but reversed, meaning that the last triplet in the index file corresponds to the first row of the existence map.
Index groups are output containing the analyzed groups, all donor-hydrogen atom pairs and acceptor atoms in these groups, donor-hydrogen-acceptor triplets involved in hydrogen bonds between the analyzed groups and all solvent atoms involved in insertion.